Bibliography

 Chapter One: Human Ageing, Longevity, and Life Extension.

1 Aging, Wiktionary , pp. 1-2, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aging#English ; accessed on January 20, 2017.
2. Ageing , Wikipedia, p. 1 , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing ; accessed on January 20, 2017.
3. Ibid.
4. The Hallmarks of Aging , by Carlos Lopez-Otin et al., Cell, Volume 153, Issue 6, June 6, 2013, p. 1.,http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(13000645-4#, accessed on February 20, 2017.
5. Longevity, Wikipedia, p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity ; accessed on January 6, 2017.
6. Definition of Death ,MedicineNet.com , p. 1., http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33438 ; accessed on January 20, 2017.
7. Life extension , Wikipedia , p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension ; accessed on January 20, 2017 .
8. Life expectancy, Wikipedia, p. 1., https:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy , accessed on January 24, 2017.
9. Ibid., p. 10.
10. Ibid., 7., p 2.
11. Ibid., 7, pp. 4-5.
12. Life Expectancy for Countries, 2015, Infoplease,http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/life-expectancy-country.html, accessed on February 8, 2017.
13. Ibid.
14. Physical Changes With Aging, by Richard W. Besdine, MD, Merck Manual Professional Version,http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/approach-to-the-geriatric-patient/physical-changes-with-aging#v, accessed on March 9, 2017.
15. Age-Related Physiological Changes and Their Clinical Significance, Gerry R. Boss, MD  and J. Edwin Seegmiller , MD, Western Journal of Medicine, 135 (6), Dec. 1981, p. 1.,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273316/, accessed on February 26, 2017.
16, Vital Signs: Normal Ranges for Adults and Elderly, Quizlet, p. 1., https://quizlet.com/37004697/vital-signs-normal-ranges-for-adults-and-elderly-flash-cards/, accessed on March 3, 2017.
17. Vascular Stiffness and Increased Pulse Pressure in Aging Cardiovascular System, Jochen Steppan et al., Cardiology Research and Practice, Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 263585, June 8, 2011, p. 4.,https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crp/2011/263585/, accessed on February 20, 2017.
18. What is pulse pressure? How important is pulse pressure to your overall health?, Sheldon G. Sheps, M.D. ,Mayo Clinic, pp. 1-2, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/pulse-pressure/faq-20058189?p=1, accessed on March 3, 2017.
19.Tips for a longer life , Healthbeat, Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Medical School, p. 1., http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/tips-for-a-longer-life, accessed on June 19, 2017.
20., Ibid.,17., p. 4.
21.. All the world's a stage , Wikipedia, pp. 1-2 ,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_world%27s_a_stage, accessed on January 24, 2017.  

Chapter Two: Aging at the Molecular and Cellular Level

1.The Hallmarks of Aging , by Carlos Lopez-Otin et al., Cell, Volume 153, Issue 6, June 6, 2013, p. 1.,http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(13000645-4#, accessed on February 20, 2017.
2.The Hallmarks of Aging & Interventions, by Anthony Loera, RevGenetics, February 10 2015. p. 3 ., http://revgenetics.com/wp/hallmarks-aging-interventions, accessed on February 20, 2017.
3. Stem cell theory of aging, Wikipedia, p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_theory_of_aging, accessed on March 14, 2017.
4. Stem Cell Exhaustion , EMD Millipore, Life Science Research,p. 1. , https://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/cell-culture-systems/stem-cell-research/cellular-reprogramming/Stem-Cell-Exhaustion--/nUmb.qB.ttgAAAFQg6t2i0iG,nav , accessed on March 23, 2017.
5. Apoptosis , Wikipedia, p. 1 ., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis, accessed on March 14, 2017.
6. Ibid., 1., p.11.
7. Altered Intercellular Communication, EMD Millipore, Life Science Research,, p. 1., http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/antibodies-assays/antibodies-overview/Research-Areas/cell-signaling/Altered-Intercellular-Communication/C.qb.qB.O48AAAFQe592i0hr,nav, accessed on March 23, 2017.
8. Genomic Instability, p. 1. , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_instability, accessed on March 23, 2017 .
9. Ibid., 1., p. 2.
10. Telomere Attrition , EMD Millipore, Life Science Research, p. 2., http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/genomic-analysis/Epigenetics-and-Nuclear-Function/Telomere-Attrition/jzWb.qB.RLAAAAFOrgM1lTAO,nav , accessed on March 29, 2017.
11. Ibid., 1., pp. 3-4.
12. Telomere, Wikipedia, pp. 4-5, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere, accessed on January 12, 2017.
13. Epigenetics, Wikipedia. p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics , accessed on April 17, 2017.
14, Epigenetic Alteration, EMD Millipore, Life Science Research, p. 1, http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/genomic-analysis/Epigenetics-and-Nuclear-Function/Epigenetic-Alteration/QJWb.qB.rAMAAAFOOek1lYzx,nav ,accessed on April 17, 2017.
15. Proteostasis , Wikipedia, p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteostasis , accessed on April 17, 2017.
16. Loss of Proteostasis , EMD Millipore, Life Science Research, p. 1., http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/antibodies-assays/assays-overview/autophagy-assays/Loss-of-Proteostasis/is.b.qB.CzwAAAFPer8qQict,nav , accessed on April 17, 2017.
17. Nutrient Sensing, Wikipedia, pp. 1-2., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_sensing , accessed on April 24, 2017.
18. Deregulated Nutrient Sensing , EMD Millipore, Life Science Research, p. 2.,http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/genomic-analysis/Epigenetics-and-Nuclear-Function/Deregulated-Nutrient-Sensing/FsCb.qB.u04AAAFQ6t52i0ib,nav , accessed on April 24, 2017.
19. Mitochondrion, Wikipedia, pp. 1- 2.,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion, accessed on April 24, 2017.
20. Mitochondrial Dysfunction , EMD Millipore, Life Science Research, p. 2., http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/antibodies-assays/antibodies-overview/Research-Areas/neuroscience/Mitochondrial-Dysfunction/L5Cb.qB.jO8AAAFQwTV1gB59,nav , accessed on April 24, 2017.
21.  Mitochondrial Disease, Wikipedia , p. 1 .,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease , accessed on April 24, 2017
22.  Cellular Senescence , EMD Millipore, p. 2. ,http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/life-science-research/antibodies-assays/assays-overview/autophagy-assays/Cellular-Senescence-/zoyb.qB.b.8AAAFQJrR2i0iO,nav , accessed on May 2, 2017 .
23. Cellular Senescence, Wikipedia, p. 1.,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence, accessed on May 2, 2017 .
24. Which is the Most Significant Cause of Aging?, NCBI, Stefan I. Lochev, Adam Salmon, Academic Editor, published online Dec. 15, 2015, p. 1 .,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712935/, accessed on May 9, 2017.
25. Epigenetics and Aging ,Sangita Pal, and Jessica K. Tyler, Science Advances, Vol. 2 no .7 ., July 29, 2016, pp. 13-14, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/7/e1600584.full, accessed on May 9, 2017.
26. Telomere, Wikipedia, p. 4., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere, accessed on January 12, 2017.
27. Ibid., p. 1.
28. Telomerase, Wikipedia, p. 3 . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase , accessed on November 7, 2017.

Chapter 3. Life Style and Life Extension.

1. Nutrition and Lifestyle in healthy aging:the telomerase challenge, Aging, Volume 8, Issue 1, Virginia Boccardi, Giuseppe Paolisso, Patrizia Meccoci, pp. 1-2. ,  January 30, 2016.http://www.aging-us.com/article/100886/text,
accessed on June 12, 2017,
2. Ibid., p. 3.
3.. Telomere, Wikipedia, pp. 8-9, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere, accessed on January 12, 2017.
4.. Ibid.
5... Lifestyle Impacts The Length of Telomeres of Chromosomes, Anas Otman, Lifestyle, p. 2. , http://www.newstyle-life.com/2016/11/lifestyle-impacts-length-of-telomeres.html, accessed on May 26, 2017.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., pp. 2-3.
11. Highly Stressed Women Age Much Faster If they Fail to Exercise , Peak Fitness, Dr. Joseph Mercola,pp. 2-3, February 24, 2012,http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2012/02/24/new-study-shows-powerful-tool-to-increase-your-stem-cells.aspx,accessed on June 2, 2017.
12. Human Telomerase and Its Regulation , Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Sept. 2002, p. 407,http://mmbr.asm.org/content/66/3/407.full.pdf+html, accessed on  October 23, 2017.
13. Tips for a longer life , Healthbeat, Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Medical School, p. 1., http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/tips-for-a-longer-life, accessed on June 19, 2017.
14. Sleep, Wikipedia, p. 1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep, accessed on September 24, 2019.
15. Ibid., p. 6.
16. Ibid., p. 7.
17. Telomeres, Longevity, & Sleep, J Stern, MD & L Marino, p. 1.,https://www.bluesleep.com/post/telomeres-longevity-sleep,accessed on September 17, 2019.
18. How Sleep Affects Your Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Levels | Tuck Sleep, Tuck Sleep, p. 1., Last Updated on August 5, 2919,  https://www.tuck.com/sleep-hgh/, accessed on September 16, 2019.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 2 .


Chapter 4. Dietary and Medical Intervention for Life Extension
1. Telomeres and Telomerase , Prata Lay ,F., North Brisbane Naturopathy, May 6, 2017, p. 1., http://www.northbrisbanenaturopathy.com.au/general/telomeres/accessed on July 12, 2017 .
2.. Water-The Most Vital Nutrient, Me and My Body, Dr. Lionel Phillips,p. 1., http://www.meandmybody.com/browse_topic.php?topicId=22, accessed on July 3, 2017.
3.. Ibid., pp. 1-2 .
4.. Telomerase RNA, Revolvy, p. 1., https://broom03.revolvy.com/topic/Telomerase%20RNA&item_type=topic, accessed on July 3, 2017.
5. Telomerase Modulators, International Antiaging Systems, Marios Kyriazis, M.D  , pp. 2-4, https://www.antiaging-systems.com/articles/402-telomerase-modulators, accessed on July 12, 2017.
6. Ibid, pp. 4-5.
7. L-carnosine aminoacidstudies.org,, p. 1., http://aminoacidstudies.org/l-carnosine/, accessed on June 24, 2017.
8. Carnosine synthase , Wikipedia, p. 1., https://ebwiipedia.org/wiki/Carnosine_synthase , accessed on June 24, 2017.
9. Ibid., <4>., p.5 .
10.. Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance., Artioli GG, Gualano B, Smith A, Stout J, Lancha AH Jr.,NCBI, p.1, ,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479615,
accessed on June 24, 2017.
11..  How Does beta-alanine work? , Beta-Alanine, The Facts, p. 1., http://www.betaalanine.info/how-does-beta-alanine-work/, accessed on July 12, 2017.
12.. Alanine transaminase , Wikiwand, p .1., http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Alanine_transaminase, accessed on July 18, 2017.
13.. Ibid.
14.. Ibid.
15. Pyridoxal phosphate , Wikiwand, p .1., http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Pyridoxal_phosphate, accessed  on July 18, 2017.
16.. Ibid., <11.>, p.1.
17. Lactic acid , Wikipedia, p.1.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid, accessed on August 10, 2017.
18. Ibid., <14>., p. 2.
19, Niacin and Alanine aminotransferase increased - from FDA reports , eHealthMe, p. 1., http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/niacin/alanine-aminotransferase-increased/, accessed on July 18, 2017.
20.Telomeres and the Aging Process , Complementary Compounding Services, p. 2., https://custommedicine.com.au/health-articles/telomeres-and-the-aging-process/, accessed on July 12, 2017.
21. Ibid., <6> ., p. 1.
22. Ibid., <6> ., p. 2.
23. Extending Telomere Length with a Multivitamin: A Pilot Study , p. 1.,  Journal of Health Education Research & Development, https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed/extending-telomere-length-with-a-multivitamin-a-pilot-study-95685.html, accessed on November 25, 2017.
24. Ibid., <6> .,pp. 4-5.
25. Facts about Telomeres and Telomerase , Jerry Shay, Ph.D. and Woodring (Woody) Wright, M.D., Ph.D.,Shay/Wright Lab, UT Southwestern Medical Center, p.1 .,http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/shay-wright/research/facts-about-telomeres-telomerase.html, accessed on June 2, 2017.
26.  Human Telomerase and Its Regulation , Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Sept. 2002, p. 407,http://mmbr.asm.org/content/66/3/407.full.pdf+html, accessed on  October 23, 2017.
27. What is a telomere? FACTS, In the Cell at yourgenome.org, p. 1 , https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-telomere , accessed on August 23, 2017.
28. Amino Acid and Codon Table , p. 1, http:www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/27619/codon.html , accessed on August 23, 2017.
29. Catabolic Pathways for Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Cysteine, Tryptophan and Threonine , Protein Lounge, p. 1.,http://www.proteinlounge.com/Pathway/Catabolic%20Pathways%20for%20Alanine,%20Glycine,%20Serine,%20Cysteine,%20Tryptophan%20and%20Threonine , accessed on August 23, 2017.
30. Shelterin , Wikipedia , p.1 , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterin , accessed on September 12, 2017.
31. Niacin , Wikipedia, p. 1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin, accessed on October 13, 2017.
32. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , Wikipedia, p.8.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide, accessed on October 13, 2017.
33. Niacin or niacinamide supplementation -good or bad idea? , Vince Giuliano, AGING SCIENCES-Anti-Aging Firewalls, March 30, 2010, p. 3., http://www.anti-agingfirewalls.com/2010/03/30/niacin-or-niacinamide-supplementation-%E2%80%93-good-or-bad-idea/ , accessed on October 13, 2017.
34. Growth Hormone , Wikipedia, p. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone,accessed on September 19, 2017.
35. 18 Foods High in Niacin to Meet Your Daily Vitamin B3 Needs , bembu, p. 4. , https://bembu.com/niacin-foods/ , accessed on September 19, 2017.
36. Telomeres, Hormones and Aging, Mike Carragher, M.D., The Body Well, p. 2. , http://www.thebodywellusa.com/telomeres-hormones-and-aging/, accessed on October 23, 2017.
37, Dr. Oz Weighs in on Human Growth Hormone, HGH10.com, p. 3 .,http://www.hgh10.com/dr-oz-weighs-in-on-human-growth-hormone/, accessed on October 23, 2017.
38. Ibid.,<32>., p. 2.
39.Dong MH, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E, Loomba R (2010) Alanine Aminotransferase Decreases with Age: The Rancho Bernardo Study., p.1., PLoS ONE 5(12): e14254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014254.
40. Ibid., <19>., p. 1.
41.Anti-aging effect of NAD+ boosters, Alivebynature-Evidence Based Reviews, p. 1., http://alivebynature.com/anti-aging-effect-of-nad-boosters/, accessed on January 12, 2018, accessed on March 27, 2018.
42, Ibid., p. 11.
43. "Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans",Samuel A.J. Trammell et al., p.1. published Oct. 10, 2016, Nature Communications,https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12948, accessed on January 15, 2019.
44. "8 Key Differences Between NMN & NR", Tru Niagen Blog,pp.1-2,https://blog.truniagen.com/home/2018/3/16/8-key-differences-between-nmn-nr,accessed on January 15, 2019.
45. Nicotinamide mononucleotide , Wikipedia , p. 1 ., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide , accessed on February 8, 2018.
46. Bigley, Sharon, A dietary supplement makes old mice youthful. But will it work in people? , p. 2.,  https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/22/dietary-supplement-makes-0ld-mice-spry/)
47. 6 Foods to Reverse Aging with NMN , Dr. John Day, p. 2-3. ,https://drjohnday.com/6-foods-to-reverse-aging-with-nmn/, accessed on September 6, 2018.
48. Ibid., <41>., p. 11
49."First human clinical trial for nicotinamide riboside",The Loop, October 10, 2018,pp. 2-3,https://medcom.uiowa.edu/theloop/news/first-human-clinical-trial-for-nicotinamide-riboside, accessed, on January 15, 2019.
50. Top 10 Foods Highest in Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Daisy  Whitbread,  p. 1,,https://www.myfooddata.com/articles/foods-high-in-niacin-vitamin-B3.php,,accessed on September 6, 2018.
51. 6 Foods to Reverse Aging with NMN , Dr. John Day, p. 3. ,https://drjohnday.com/6-foods-to-reverse-aging-with-nmn/, accessed on September 6, 2018.
52.  Ibid., <46>., p. 3.

Further Means for Life Extension and Healthy Aging

1. Metabolism , Wikipedia, p. 1., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism, accessed on February 26, 2018.
2. Enzymes and aging , Collazymes, p. 1 . , http://collazymes.com/en-us/enzymes/enzymes-and-aging/, accessed on February 26, 2018.
3. Genetic Engineering , Wikipedia, p. 1.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering,accessed on March 8, 2018.
4. Ibid., p . 2 .
5. Ibid., p. 10 .
6. Ibid., p. 2.
7. .Anti-aging effect of NAD+ boosters, Alivebynature-Evidence Based Reviews, p. 5., http://alivebynature.com/anti-aging-effect-of-nad-boosters/, accessed on January 12, 2018, accessed on March 27, 2018.
8."Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans",Samuel A.J. Trammell et al., p.1. published Oct. 10, 2016, Nature Communications,https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12948, accessed on January 15, 2019.
9. "8 Key Differences Between NMN & NR", Tru Niagen Blog,pp.1-2,https://blog.truniagen.com/home/2018/3/16/8-key-differences-between-nmn-nr,accessed on January 15, 2019.
10. Telomere , Wikiwand, pp. 4-5,http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Telomere,accessed on April 19, 2018.
11. Ibid., pp. 5-7.
12.  What is CRISPR?, Apama Vidyasagar, Live Science, April 20, 2018, pp. 1-4 , https://www.livescience.com/58790-crispr-explained.html, accessed on April 24, 2018.
13, Telomeres & Aging, Is the End of Aging Near at Hand? , TheissCare, LLC, July 17, 2017, pp .2-3,http://theiss.care/telomeres-and-aging/, accessed on April 24, 2018.
14. CRISPR, Wikipedia, p.1..,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR, accessed on May 24, 2018.
15. Ibid., p. 2.
16. Ibid., p. 4.

Summary and Conclusion

1.Tips for a longer life , Healthbeat, Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Medical School, p. 1., http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/tips-for-a-longer-life, accessed on June 19, 2017.
2.  Vascular Stiffness and Increased Pulse Pressure in Aging Cardiovascular System, Jochen Steppan et al., Cardiology Research and Practice, Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 263585, June 8, 2011, p. 4.,https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crp/2011/263585/, accessed on February 20, 2017.
3.The Hallmarks of Aging , by Carlos Lopez-Otin et al., Cell, Volume 153, Issue 6, June 6, 2013, p. 1.,http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(13000645-4#, accessed on February 20, 2017.
4. The Hallmarks of Aging & Interventions, by Anthony Loera, RevGenetics, February 10 2015. p. 3 ., http://revgenetics.com/wp/hallmarks-aging-interventions, accessed on February 20, 2017.
5.Nutrition and Lifestyle in healthy aging:the telomerase challenge, Aging, Volume 8, Issue 1, Virginia Boccardi, Giuseppe Paolisso, Patrizia Meccoci, pp. 1-2. ,  January 30, 2016.http://www.aging-us.com/article/100886/text,
accessed on June 12, 2017,
6.Anti-aging effect of NAD+ boosters, Alivebynature-Evidence Based Reviews, p. 1., http://alivebynature.com/anti-aging-effect-of-nad-boosters/, accessed on January 12, 2018, accessed on March 27, 2018.
7.Ibid., p. 11.
8. "Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans",Samuel A.J. Trammell et al., p.1. published Oct. 10, 2016, Nature Communications,https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12948, accessed on January 15, 2019.
9. "8 Key Differences Between NMN & NR", Tru Niagen Blog,pp.1-2,https://blog.truniagen.com/home/2018/3/16/8-key-differences-between-nmn-nr,accessed on January 15, 2019.
10...Genetic Engineering , Wikipedia, p. 1.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering,accessed on March 8, 2018.
11..Anti-aging effect of NAD+ boosters, Alivebynature-Evidence Based Reviews, p. 5., http://alivebynature.com/anti-aging-effect-of-nad-boosters/, accessed on January 12, 2018, accessed on March 27, 2018.
12..What is CRISPR?, Apama Vidyasagar, Live Science, April 20, 2018, pp. 1-4 , https://www.livescience.com/58790-crispr-explained.html, accessed on April 24, 2018.